What Is Drainage Tile?

Drainage tile is part of a subsurface drainage system that removes excess water from the root zone of crops. While surface drainage uses ditches or grass waterways to redirect water, subsurface tile drainage targets water that's trapped below the surface—where it can do the most harm to plant roots and field operations.

Types of Agricultural Drainage Systems

There are two main types of agricultural drainage:

1. Surface DrainageUtilizes ditches, waterways, or reshaped land to guide water off the field. It works by gravity and is best suited for heavy rains and runoff.

2. **Subsurface Drainage (Tile Drainage)**Involves installing perforated plastic pipe (commonly referred to as "tile") below the soil surface to lower the water table and dry out the soil profile. This is the more precise and long-term solution for many properties.

A Brief History of Drainage Tile

The technology has evolved significantly:

• Clay tile – Used historically; brittle and labor-intensive to install.

• Concrete tile – Heavier and more durable, but harder to work with.

• Modern plastic tile – Lightweight, flexible, and efficient. Available as perforated (for water removal) and non-perforated (for water conveyance) options.

Installation Methods

Drainage tile can be installed through several methods, depending on budget, soil type, and project size:

• Tile plow – The most modern and efficient method.

• Wheeled or chain ditchers – Mechanically dig trenches for tile placement.

• Excavators – Used for specific or custom installations, such as outlet connections or spot drains.

Landowners can purchase and install the equipment themselves, or hire a custom tiling contractor for professional design and installation.

Strategic Tile Layout Options

• Random Tiling – Targets isolated wet areas or low spots.

• Pattern Tiling – A complete grid or layout over the entire property to ensure even and efficient drainage across every acre.

Top 5 Reasons to Install Drainage Tile

1. Increased Crop YieldsDrier soil conditions lead to stronger root systems, faster planting after spring rains, and better stand counts—ultimately resulting in higher yields year after year.

2. Reduced Soil ErosionBy managing water flow below the surface, tile drainage minimizes surface runoff and the soil erosion it causes.

3. Extended Growing SeasonQuicker soil drying means earlier planting and potentially later harvesting, maximizing the use of your land throughout the year.

4. Improved Soil HealthDrier soils are less prone to compaction, and increased aeration fosters healthier microbial activity and nutrient availability.

5. Better Nutrient ManagementControlled drainage helps reduce nutrient leaching and runoff, making fertilizer applications more efficient and cost-effective.

Drainage vs. Irrigation: Understanding the Balance

While irrigation adds water to fields where it's needed, drainage tile removes excess water that threatens crop health. Successful farming depends on maintaining an ideal balance of water and air in the soil. Drainage tile is crucial in areas prone to heavy rainfall or high water tables.

Why Drainage Tile Is a Smart Investment for Agricultural Landowners

As a real estate professional working closely with landowners, investors, and farmers, one thing remains clear: improving the productivity and value of agricultural land is always a priority. One of the most effective ways to accomplish this is through field drainage tile systems.

Drainage tile—despite the name—is not actually ceramic tile. It's a form of subsurface drainage that uses perforated plastic tubing buried underground to remove excess water from the soil. This simple but powerful technology can significantly increase yields, improve soil health, and enhance the usability of farmland throughout the year.

Final Thoughts

For landowners and agricultural investors, installing drainage tile is a strategic move with both immediate and long-term payoffs. It not only increases productivity but also enhances the value and usability of the land—key considerations whether you’re farming it yourself or leasing it to others.

If you're considering installing tile drainage or purchasing farmland with an existing system, it's important to evaluate the property's layout, soil type, and drainage history. As always, work with qualified professionals—both in agriculture and real estate—to make the most informed decisions for your land.